Fractures with fluid flow can lead to the damage of rock carving relics. During the detection of fractures, millimeter-scale fractures are usually difficult to determine due to their small apertures. Considering the rapid variation of water content in the fracture seepage zone can lead to anisotropy, this article proposes a new methodology to detect these millimeter-scale fractures with fluid flow using a time-lapse full-polarimetric ground penetrating radar (FP-GPR) scheme and an anisotropy analysis method. The time-lapse FP-GPR detection can monitor the water flow in the fracture and the infiltration in the rock, and the Freeman decomposition, H-Alpha decomposition, and a polarimetric phase (PP) feature are adopted to quantify and analyze the anisotropic effects over time. In the numerical test, we adopt hydrological modeling to build realistic dielectric models for time-lapse FP-GPR simulations. The results indicate that the variations of water contents and several polarimetric features, i.e., the surface-like scattering power, the double-bounce scattering power, and the averaged scattering angle, are consistent and are essentially related to the anisotropy of the seepage zone. Finally, we introduce the field tests performed at the experimental station of the Dazu Rock Carvings in Chongqing, China, which contain two cases I and II. Case I is an experiment on a surface fracture of a cliff, whereas case II is a detection test of a buried fracture. The results verify the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.

Climate-induced changes in vegetation phenology at northern latitudes are still poorly understood. Continued monitoring and research are therefore needed to improve the understanding of abiotic drivers. Here we used 14 years of time lapse imagery and climate data from high-Arctic Northeast Greenland to assess the seasonal response of a dwarf shrub heath, grassland, and fen, to inter-annual variation in snow-cover, soil moisture, and air and soil temperatures. A late snowmelt and start of growing season is counterbalanced by a fast greenup and a tendency to higher peak greenness values. Snow water equivalents and soil moisture explained up to 77% of growing season duration and senescence phase, highlighting thatwater availability is a prominent driver in the heath site, rather than temperatures. We found a significant advance in the start of spring by 10 days and in the end of fall by 11 days, resulting in an unchanged growing season length. Vegetation greenness, derived from the imagery, was correlated to primary productivity, showing that the imagery holds valuable information on vegetation productivity.