Soil disturbances caused by large animals impact soil biodiversity and potentially alter forest ecosystem functioning and productivity. However, most studies have focused on the effects of wild boar infestations on aboveground vegetation and soil physical and chemical properties. Little is known about the influence of wild boar grubbing on the soil faunal community within forested ecosystems. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a long-term (10-year) exclosure experiment to investigate the responses of soil nematode communities to wild boar grubbing and seasonal variations in a broad-leaved Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain, China. The results indicated that wild boar grubbing did not significantly impact soil nematode abundance, genus richness, diversity indices (Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Simpson index, and evenness index), and ecological indices (enrichment index, channel index, structural index, and basal index). However, we observed that grubbing reduced the relative abundance of plant parasites while increased that of bacterivores and the maturity index (MI), leading to changes in nematode community composition. Notably, the influence of grubbing was more pronounced in the spring than in the autumn. Although season itself did not significantly affect soil nematode genus richness and diversity indices, it did affect soil nematode relative abundance, bacterivores, omnivorespredators, plant parasites, K-strategistis, r-strategistis, MI, enrichment index, and channel index. Long-term wild boar grubbing appeared to mitigate seasonal effects on soil nematode communities, resulting in higher MI and increased stability in nematode community abundance. Our findings suggest that changes in soil parameters, such as soil NH4+, soil pH, and soil NO3-, likely mediate the observed impact of wild boars on the soil nematode community. In summary, our study demonstrated that wild boar grubbing altered the structure of soil nematode communities, albeit with seasonal variations, indicating that the effects of wild boar activity on forest soil ecosystems influence biogeochemical cycles through changes in nematode community composition rather than nematode genera richness.

The work analyzes the impact of the wild boar on the environment. Its useful role has been demonstrated, emphasizing its sanitary function and usefulness as a bioindicator in monitoring the natural environment. The problems posed by numerous wild boar populations were analyzed, including a sanitary threat to humans and animals, a real threat to soil and ecosystems, damage to the agricultural and forest environment, negative impact on local biodiversity in anthropogenic environments, nuisance to people in urban and suburban areas. Sus scrofa can be considered as a species capable of causing disturbances to biotic and abiotic elements of the environment. The work draws attention to the threats posed by Sus scrofa and/or the threats to the species. The focus is on the animal being the vector of infections for various species of animals and humans because wild boars are susceptible to various highly contagious diseases that sometimes decimate their populations. Wild boars should be seen as beneficial animals (a bioindicator of environmental contamination, sanitary function) and at the same time problematic ones, dangerous to other species, including domestic pigs and humans, and to the environment. Due to the significant damage caused to global agriculture, to agricultural and forest crops, the threat to biodiversity, the nuisance to humans in urbanized areas related to the wild boar, there is an increasing interest in the ecology of the species and the principles of wild boar population management.