Wear of the disc cutter, which is the primary rock-breaking cutter, is an unavoidable issue in shield tunneling construction. Significant wear on the disc cutter can drastically reduce construction efficiency and increase project costs, particularly in complex geological formations. To investigate the wear characteristics of shield disc cutters in cemented sand pebble formation, this study takes the formation beneath the Yellow River of the Olympic Sports Center-Century Avenue station on the KC-1 of Lanzhou Metro Line 1 as its engineering context and introduces the strata information. First, the wear characteristics of all disc cutters on the cutterhead during a single full cutter change are analyzed. By incorporating the wear coefficient K n based on field wear data, the maximum excavation distance and cutter replacement position for cutters at different positions on the cutterhead are predicted. Second, a wear stacking theory is proposed based on the wear motion trajectory of disc cutter. A three-dimensional disc cutter wear numerical model is established based on the Archard wear model and wear stacking theory. The model’s validity is verified through field data, and the wear characteristics of the disc cutter are analyzed under different penetration depths and cutterhead rotational speeds. The results show that when working in cemented sand pebble formation, the disc cutters primarily experience normal wear in the form of sharpened cutter edges, while abnormal wear mainly occurs on the edge and center cutters. Wear depth increases with increasing installation radius. The recommended replacement interval is 217.45 meters for edge disc cutters and 775 meters for front disc cutters. Wear depth increases with greater penetration depth, and this trend gradually diminishes as the installation radius decreases. When the installation radius is less than 880 mm, altering the penetration depth has virtually no effect on wear. When the penetration depth exceeds 1.5 mm, altering the penetration depth has little effect on the maximum excavation distance of the disc cutter. The wear of disc cutters with larger installation radii is significantly influenced by variations in cutterhead rotational speed. Wear depth increases with the increase in cutterhead rotational speed. As the installation radius decreases, this effect begins to diminish. When the installation radius is less than 1240 mm, disc cutter wear is almost unaffected by the rotational speed of the cutterhead. As the cutterhead rotational speed increases, the overall maximum excavation distance of all disc cutters shows a decreasing trend. When the cutterhead rotational speed exceeds 4.5 r/min, this trend becomes less pronounced with increasing installation radius.