Global warming due to climate change has substantial impact on high-altitude permafrost affected soils. This raises a serious concern that the microbial degradation of sequestered carbon can result in alteration of the biogeochemical cycles. Therefore, the characterization of permafrost affected soil microbiomes, especially of unexplored high-altitude, low oxygen arid region, is important for predicting their response to climate change. This study presents the first report of the bacterial diversity of permafrost-affected soils in the Changthang region of Ladakh. The relationship between soil pH, organic carbon, electrical conductivity, and available micronutrients with the microbial diversity was investigated. Amplicon sequencing of permafrost affected soil samples from Jukti and Tsokar showed that Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were the dominant phyla in all samples. The genera Brevitalea, Chthoniobacter, Sphingomonas, Hydrogenispora, Clostridium, Gaiella, Gemmatimonas were relatively abundant in the Jukti samples whereas the genera Thiocapsa, Actinotalea, Syntrophotalea, Antracticibcterium, Luteolibacter, Nitrospirillum dominated the Tsokar sample. Correlation analyses highlighted the influence of soil geochemical parameters on the bacterial community structure. PCoA analyses showed that the bacterial beta diversity varied significantly between the sampling locations (PERMANOVA test (F-value: 2.3316; R2 = 0.466, p = 0.001) and similar results were also obtained while comparing genus abundance data using the ANOSIM test (R = 0.345, p = 0.007).

冻土毛霉BO-1是蔬菜根蛆生防真菌新种，作为新的生防资源加以开发应用，与其他病原微生物相比，具有对根蛆致死速度更快，环境依赖性更低，田间防效高与化学药剂相当的优点。本研究评价了不同基础固体培养基及不同碳氮比培养基对冻土毛霉BO-1菌落生长速率、产孢量、生物量、孢子萌发率和致病性的影响。结果表明，冻土毛霉BO-1在萨氏葡萄糖琼脂酵母膏培养基（SDAY）上生长速率最快，产孢量最多，孢子的毒力较高，其次为马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基（PDA）和葡萄糖蛋白胨琼脂培养基（CPA）。研究发现，当培养基碳浓度为4～8 g/L，碳氮比为2.5∶1～10∶1条件下，菌株生长速率快、产孢量高、孢子萌发率高且孢子的致病活性较高。当培养基碳浓度为12 g/L，碳氮比为2.5∶1条件下菌丝干重最重为0.182 g，孢子萌发率最高为98.55%。综合分析得出，冻土毛霉BO-1最适产孢的培养基配方为碳浓度4 g/L，碳氮比5∶1培养基，此时菌株产孢量最高，达22.48×10～8个孢子，孢子萌发率为91.35%，菌丝生长速率为2.59 cm·d-1，菌丝干重为0.031 g。10～6个孢子/mL处理7...

Study area: Urumqi Glacier No.1 Catchment in central Asia. Study focus: Chemical weathering at the basin scale is important process for understanding the feedback mechanism of the carbon cycle and climate change. This study mainly used the actual sampling data in 2013, 2014, and 2016, and the first collection from the literature in same catchment to analyze the seasonal and interannual characteristics of meltwater runoff, as well as cation denudation rate (CDR). New hydrological insights for the study region: The dominant ions of meltwater runoff are Ca2 +, HCO3- , and SO42-, which are mainly derived from calcite dissolution, feldspar weathering and sulfide oxidation. Meltwater runoff at Urumqi Glacier No.1 has higher concentrations of Ca2+ and lower concentrations of HCO3- than that from glaciers in Asia. Compared to 2006 and 2007, cation concentrations increased in 2013 and 2014, while SO42- concentration decreased. The daily ion concentration has seasonality and exhibits a negative relationship with discharge. Daily CDR is positively related to discharge and temperature. Annual CDR values range from 12.34 to 19.04 t/ km2/yr in 2013, 2014, and 2016, which are 1-1.7 times higher than those in 2006 and 2007 and higher than some glaciers in Asia. These results indicate that chemical weathering rate in the Urumqi Glacier No.1 catchment has increased with climate warming, and it is stronger than that of some glaciers in the Tibetan Plateau and surroundings.

We present a multi-year study of Saharan dust intrusions on a mountainous site located in the central Mediterranean Basin regarding their aerosol optical and geometrical properties. The observations were carried out at the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Metodologie per l'Analisi Ambientale (CNR-IMAA) located in Potenza (40,360N, 15,440E), Italy, from March 2010 to October 2022, using ACTRIS (Aerosol Clouds and Trace Gases Research InfraStructure). A total of 101 night-time lidar measurements of dust intrusions were identified. The following properties were calculated for the periods December, January, February (DJF), March, April, May (MAM), June, July, August (JJA) and September, October, November (SON): aerosol layer center of mass altitude, particle lidar ratio at 355 and 532 nm, particle depolarization ratio at 532 nm and backscattering & Aring;ngstr & ouml;m exponent at 532-1064 nm. Both geometrical and optical aerosol properties vary considerably with the seasons. During SON and DJF, air masses transporting dust travel at lower altitudes, and become contaminated with local continental particles. In MAM and JJA, dust is also likely to travel at higher altitudes and rarely mix with other aerosol types. As a result, aerosols are larger in size and irregular in shape during the warm months. The ratio of the lidar ratios at 355 and 532 nm is 1.11 +/- 0.15 in DJF, 1.12 +/- 0.07 in SON, 0.94 +/- 0.12 in MAM, and 0.92 +/- 0.08 in JJA. The seasonal radiative effect estimated using the Fu-Liou-Gu (FLG) radiative transfer model indicates the most significant impact during the JJA period. A negative dust radiative effect is observed both at the surface (SRF) and at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) in all the seasons, and this could be related to a minimal contribution from black carbon. Specifically, the SRF radiative effect estimation is -14.48 +/- 1.32 W/m2 in DJF, -18.00 +/- 0.89 W/m2 in MAM, -22.08 +/- 1.36 W/m2 in JJA, and -13.47 +/- 1.12 W/m2 in SON. Instead, radiative effect estimation at the TOA is -22.23 +/- 2.06 W/m2 in DJF, -38.23 +/- 2.16 W/m2 in MAM, -51.36 +/- 3.53 W/m2 in JJA, and -22.57 +/- 2.11 W/m2 in SON. The results highlight how the radiative effects of the particles depend on the complex relationship between the dust load, their altitude in the troposphere, and their optical properties. Accordingly, the knowledge of aerosols optical property profiles is of primary importance to understand the radiative impact of dust.

土壤热状态是指示多年冻土存在及其热稳定性的最关键指标。为探究黄河源头区冻土热状态的较长期变化，首先构建了土壤热传导数学模型并基于HYDRUS-1D模型求解，经参数率定验证，表明该模型具有较好的可靠性和适用性，然后利用中国区域地面气象要素驱动数据集（CMFD）驱动模拟了黄河源头区6个钻孔1979—2018年冻土地温的变化。结果表明，黄河源头区冻土热状态在1999年发生转变：1999年前温度变化速率为-0.037～0.026°C/a,1999年后升温速率为0.006～0.120°C/a。分析表明1998年的气候变暖突变及1999年的极端气候灾害突变是黄河源头区冻土地温在1999年发生突变的主要原因；冻土地温升高，冻土热稳定性下降，将深刻影响冻土水源涵养功能。该研究可厘清高原冻土对气候变化的响应规律，为加强黄河源头区生态环境分区管控提供科技支撑。

基于饱和冻土介质波动理论，探讨了在饱和冻土地基自由表面上，传播速度较快的SH1的反射及能量传输问题。该文建立了饱和冻土的自由场地分析模型，通过Helmholtz矢量分解和边界条件，推导出两种反射SH波的振幅比及能量率的理论表达式。研究了入射频率、温度（含冰量）、孔隙率、胶结参数及接触参数对两种反射弹性波振幅和能量分配比的影响规律。研究结果表明：随着频率增加，反射S1波的振幅比和能量率逐渐减小，反射S2波增加；当入射角为90°时，仅有反射S1波存在；在未冻土（T=-0.1℃）时，反射S2波消失，S1波振幅比随温度的升高而增大，当为低温高含冰量时，反射S2波振幅比最高。此外，胶结参数、孔隙率和接触参数的变化会显著影响两种反射弹性波的振幅和能量分配比。

Due to climate change the drop in spring-water discharge poses a serious issue in the Himalayan region, especially in the higher of Himachal Pradesh. This study used different climatic factors along with long-term rainfall data to understand the decreasing trend in spring-water discharge. It was determined which climate parameter was most closely correlated with spring discharge volumes using a general as well as partial correlation plot. Based on 40 years (1981-2021) of daily average rainfall data, a rainfall-runoff model was utilised to predict and assess trends in spring-water discharge using the MIKE 11 NAM hydrological model. The model's effectiveness was effectively proved by the validation results (NSE = 0.79, R2 = 0.944, RMSE = 0.23, PBIAS = 32%). Model calibration and simulation revealed that both observed and simulated spring-water runoff decreased by almost 29%, within the past 40 years. Consequently, reduced spring-water discharge is made sensitive to the hydrological (groundwater stress, base flow, and stream water flow) and environmental entities (drinking water, evaporation, soil moisture, and evapotranspiration). This study will help researchers and policymakers to think and work on the spring disappearance and water security issues in the Himalayan region.

Background: The current focus is largely on whole course medical management of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) with real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and radiological features, while the mild cases are usually missed. Thus, combination of multiple diagnostic methods is urgent to understand COVID-19 fully and to monitor the progression of COVID-19. Methods: laboratory variables of 40 mild COVID-19 patients, 30 patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and 32 healthy individuals were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA), Kruskal test, Procrustes test, the vegan package in R, CCA package and receiver operating characteristic to investigate the characteristics of the laboratory variables and their relationships in COVID-19. Results: The correlations between the laboratory variables presented a variety of intricate linkages in the COVID-19 group compared with the healthy group and CAP patient group. The prediction probability of the combination of lymphocyte count (LY), eosinophil (EO) and platelets (PLT) was 0.847, 0.854 for the combination of lactate (LDH), creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB), and C-reactive protein (CRP), 0.740 for the combination of EO, white blood cell count (WBC) and neutrophil count (NEUT) and 0.872 for the combination of CK-MB and P. Conclusions: The correlations between the laboratory variables in the COVID-19 group could be a unique characteristic showing promise as a method for COVID-19 prediction and monitoring progression of COVID-19 infection.

Winter baseflow (WB) can stabilize freshwater inputs and has important impacts on nutrient migration and the water cycle of a specific region and the oceans. This study systematically analyzed the WB variations in fourteen major Eurasian rivers and found they all had commonly increasing trends (except the Yellow River), with the mean increase ratio of 53.0% (+/- 34.8%, confidence interval 95%) over the past 100 years (the longest time series is 1879-2015). Relative to Northern Eurasia (60 degrees N-70 degrees N) and Southern Eurasia (30 degrees N-40 degrees N), the river WB in middle Eurasia (40 degrees N-60 degrees N) had the largest increase rate (0.60%/year). The increases of the WB in Northern Eurasia and Southern Eurasia have speeded up since the 1990s; on the contrary, they have slowed down or even turned to a decreasing trend after the 1990s in the middle Eurasian rivers. Using multiple linear regression analysis, the quantitative relationship between WB and winter surface air temperature (max, mean and min), snowfall, soil temperature, antecedent precipitation, as well as the river-ice dynamic were determined. We found that the winter air temperature, especially the minimum air temperature was one major factor accounting for WB variation in Eurasia over the past century. When the winter air temperature rises, this leads a reduction in the thickness and volume of river ice, and thus decreases water storage in river ice and leads to an increase in the WB. About 19.6% (6.7%-41.5%) of the winter WB increase in rivers of Siberia was caused by the decreased river ice during the past 100 years. Although groundwater recharge was the dominant reason for WB change, the role of river ice should not be ignored in hydrological study of cold regions.

A comprehensive global investigation on the impact of reduction (changes) in aerosol emissions due to Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) lockdowns on aerosol single scattering albedo (SSA) utilizing satellite observations and model simulations is conducted for the first time. The absolute change in Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) retrieved, and two highly-spatially resolved models (Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications-2 (MERRA-2) and Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS)) simulated SSA is <4% (<0.04-0.05) globally during COVID (2020) compared to normal (2015-2019) period. Change in SSA during COVID is not significantly different from long-term and year-to-year variability in SSA. A small change in SSA indicates that significant reduction in anthropogenic aerosol emissions during COVID-19 induced lockdowns has a negligible effect in changing the net contribution of aerosol scattering and/or absorption to total aerosol extinction. The changes in species-wise aerosol optical depth (AOD) are examined in detail to explain the observed changes in SSA. Model simulations show that total AOD decreased during COVID-19 lockdowns, consistent with satellite observations. The respective contributions of sulfate and black carbon (BC) to total AOD increased, which resulted in a negligible change in SSA during the spring and summer seasons of COVID over South Asia. Europe and North America experience a small increase in SSA (<2%) during the summer season of COVID due to a decrease in BC contribution. The change in SSA (2%) is the same for a small change in BC AOD contribution (3%), and for a significant change in sulfate AOD contribution (20%) to total AOD. Since, BC SSA is 5-times lower (higher absorption) than that of sulfate SSA, the change in SSA remains the same. For a significant change in SSA to occur, the BC AOD contribution needs to be changed significantly (4-5 times) compared to other aerosol species. A sensitivity analysis reveals that change in aerosol radiative forcing during COVID is primarily dependent on change in AOD rather than SSA. These quantitative findings can be useful to devise more suitable future global and regional mitigation strategies aimed at regulating aerosol emissions to reduce environmental impacts, air pollution, and public health risks.