Rice bakanae disease is a soil-borne disease mainly caused by Fusarium fujikuroi, which seriously damages the yield and quality of rice. Phenamacril targets Myosin-5, thereby inhibiting its ATPase activity to exert an antifungal effect, demonstrating significant bioactivity against Fusarium species. However, the resistance of Fusarium fujikuroi field populations to phenamacril in Jiangsu Province in recent years remains unclear. In this study, a total of 223 Fusarium fujikuroi isolates were collected in Jiangsu Province from 2022 to 2023, with the resistance frequency increase from 25.88 % to 49.28 %. Additionally, a novel mutation type (S420I) in FfMyosin-5 was identified and confirmed by genetic transformation. The compound fitness index (CFI) revealed that the fitness of FfMyosin5(S420I) point mutants (1 x 10(5) < CFI <= 2 x 10(5)) was significantly lower than sensitive strain (CFI = 10.26 x 10(5)) in terms of mycelial growth rate, conidia production and conidia germination. In summary, the S420I mutation in FfMyosin-5 induces resistance to phenamacril while also decreased the fitness of Fusarium fujikuroi.

Early water stress detection is important for water use yield and sustainability. Traditional methods using the Internet of Things (IoT), such as soil moisture sensors, usually do not provide timely alerts, causing inefficient water use and, in some cases, crop damage. This research presents an innovative early water stress detection method in lettuce plants using Thermal Infrared (TIR) and RGB images in a controlled lab setting. The proposed method integrates advanced image processing techniques, including background elimination via Hue-Saturation- Value (HSV) thresholds, wavelet denoising for thermal image enhancement, RGB-TIR fusion using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) clustering to segment stress regions. The leaves stressed areas annotated in the RGB image through yellow pseudo-coloring. This approach is predicated on the fact that when stomata close, transpiration decreases, which causes an increase in the temperature of the affected area. Experimental results reveal that this new approach can detect water stress up to 84 h earlier than conventional soil humidity sensors. Also, a comparative analysis was conducted where key components of the proposed hybrid framework were omitted. The results show inconsistent and inaccurate stress detection when excluding wavelet denoising and PCA fusion. A comparative analysis of image processing performed on a single- board computer (SBC) and through cloud computing over 5 G showed that SBC was 8.27% faster than cloud computing over a 5 G connection. The proposed method offers a more timely and accurate identification of water stress and promises significant benefits in improving crop yield and reducing water usage in indoor farming.

This study investigated seasonal changes in litter and soil organic carbon contents of deciduous and coniferous forests at two altitudes (500 and 1000 m a.s.l.), which were used as proxies for temperature changes. To this aim, adjacent pine (P500 and P1000) and deciduous forests (downy oak forest at 500 m a.s.l. and beech forest at 1000 m a.s.l., D500 and D1000, respectively) were selected within two areas along the western slope of a calcareous massif of the Apennine chain (central Italy). Periodic sampling was carried out within each site (a total of 19 sampling dates: 6 in autumn, 4 in winter and spring, and 5 in summer), taking each time an aliquot of the upper mineral soil horizon and measuring litter thickness and CO2 emission from the soil. The samples were then analyzed for their content of organic C, total N, water-soluble organic C and N (WEOC and WEN, respectively), and the natural abundance of 13C and 15N. Soil and litter C and N stocks were calculated. The chemical and isotopic data suggested that organic C and N transformations from litter to the upper mineral soil horizon were controlled not only by temperature but also by the quality (i.e. C:N ratio) of the plant material. In particular, the more the temperature decreased, the more the quality of the organic matter would influence the process. This was clearly showed by the greater 13C fractionation from litter to soil organic matter (SOM) in D1000 than in P1000, which would indicate a higher degree of transformation under the same thermal condition of the plant residues from the deciduous forest, which were characterized by a more balanced C:N ratio than the pine litter. However, while at 500 m altitude a significant SOM 13C fractionation and a parallel increase in soil CO2 emissions occurred in the warmer seasons, no seasonal delta 13C variation was observed at 1000 m for both forests, despite the different quality of SOM derived from deciduous and coniferous forests. Our findings suggested that organic C and N transformations from litter to the upper soil mineral horizon were greatly controlled by the quality of the plant residues, whereas soil temperature would seem to be the major driver for the seasonal evolution of SOM. This study, by considering two different vegetation types (deciduous and coniferous), allowed to evaluate the combined interactions between the plant residue quality and temperature in controlling litter and SOM mineralisation/accumulation processes.

As soil acidification occurs due to industrial and agricultural production processes, it can induce the release of rhizotoxic aluminium ions (Al3+) into the soil, ultimately causing aluminium (Al) stress. Excessive Al content in soil exhibits significant phytotoxicity, inhibiting the growth of roots and stems. In this study, we conducted an investigation into the Al stress tolerance of two apple rootstocks, namely 'YZ3' and 'YZ6', and discovered that 'YZ3' exhibited a superior ability to alleviate the inhibitory effects of Al stress on plant growth. By comparing the transcriptomes of two rootstocks, a differentially expressed gene, MdDUF506, containing an unknown functional (DUF) domain, was identified. Overexpression of MdDUF506 in apple and calli enhances the ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), subsequently mitigating the oxidative damage induced by Al stress on plant growth and development. Furthermore, MdDUF506 regulates Al stress tolerance by modulating the expression of genes related to Al stress (MdSTOP1, MdRSL1, MdRSL4, MdGL2, and MdRAE1). MdDUF506 interacts with MdCNR8, positively regulating Al stress tolerance. Taken together, these discoveries offer crucial candidate genes for targeted breeding as well as fresh insights into resistance to Al stress.

Among various abiotic stresses, secondary soil salinization poses a significant threat to plant productivity and survival. Cultivated chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum morifolium), widely grown as ornamental crops, are highly susceptible to salt stress, and their complex polyploid genome complicates the identification of stress resistance genes. In contrast, C. indicum, a native diploid species with robust stress tolerance, serves as a valuable genetic resource for uncovering stress-responsive genes and improving the resilience of ornamental chrysanthemum cultivars. In this study, we cloned, overexpressed (OE-CiHY5), and silenced (RNAi-CiHY5) the CiHY5 gene in C. indicum. OE-CiHY5 plants exhibited larger leaves, sturdier stalks, and higher chlorophyll content compared to wild-type plants, while RNAi-CiHY5 plants displayed weaker growth. Under salt stress, OE-CiHY5 plants demonstrated significantly improved growth, enhanced osmotic adjustment, and effective ROS scavenging. In contrast, RNAi-CiHY5 plants were more sensitive to salinity, showing higher electrolyte leakage and impaired osmotic regulation. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that CiHY5 regulates key hormonal pathways such as zeatin (one of cytokinins), abscisic acid and jasmonic acid, as well as metabolic pathways, including photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, which collectively contribute to the enhanced stress resilience of OE-CiHY5 plants. Promoter-binding assays further confirmed that CiHY5 directly interacts with the CiABF3 promoter, highlighting its critical role in ABA signaling. Evolutionary analyses showed that HY5 is conserved across plant lineages, from early algae to advanced angiosperms, with consistent responsiveness to salt and other abiotic stresses in multiple Chrysanthemum species. These findings establish CiHY5 as a key regulator of salt tolerance in C. indicum, orchestrating a complex network of hormonal and metabolic pathways to mitigate salinity-induced damage. Given the conserved nature of HY5 and its responsiveness to various stresses, HY5 gene provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying stress adaptation and represents a promising genetic target for enhancing salt stress resilience in chrysanthemums.

This paper presents an efficient two-and-a-half dimensional (2.5D) numerical approach for analysing the long-term settlement of a tunnel-soft soil system under cyclic train loading. Soil deformations from train loads are divided into shear deformation under undrained conditions and volumetric deformation from excess pore water pressure (EPWP) dissipation. A 2.5D numerical model was employed to provide the dynamic stress state owing to the moving train load and the soil static stress state by the gravity effect for the determination of their accumulations. Then, an incremental computation approach combined with the initial strain approach in the framework of the 2.5D model was developed to compute the long-term deformation of the tunnel-soft soil system, considering the influence of the soil hardening due to EPWP dissipation. This approach helps to determine the distribution of the progressive settlement, transverse and longitudinal deformations in the tunnel-soil system, overcoming traditional limitations. A comparison of settlements computed using this approach with measured settlements of a shield tunnel in soft soil shows good agreement, indicating the effectiveness of the proposed approach in analysing train-induced progressive deformation of the tunnel-soil system.

针对金沙江上游气象观测站点稀疏以及高寒山区复杂水文过程导致的径流模拟难题，提出一种基于融合ERA5-Land再分析数据与实测降水数据的VIC模型驱动方案。基于模型模拟结果，对比分析遥感监测以及模型输出的积雪覆盖率，并讨论了流域融雪径流变化特征以及气温对融雪径流的影响。结果表明：仅采用站点插值数据构建的VIC模型很难反映流域真实的径流状况，而采用融合降水资料将小时径流模拟的确定性系数在率定期和验证期分别提高至0.80和0.74，相对误差显著降低至20%以内。模型输出积雪覆盖与遥感数据监测的积雪覆盖呈现良好的一致性，流域融雪径流年际变化稳定，年内差异较大，呈现双峰特征，春季融雪径流与气温有较大的相关性。该结果可为高寒区径流模拟及洪旱灾害监测与预报提供参考。

针对金沙江上游气象观测站点稀疏以及高寒山区复杂水文过程导致的径流模拟难题，提出一种基于融合ERA5-Land再分析数据与实测降水数据的VIC模型驱动方案。基于模型模拟结果，对比分析遥感监测以及模型输出的积雪覆盖率，并讨论了流域融雪径流变化特征以及气温对融雪径流的影响。结果表明：仅采用站点插值数据构建的VIC模型很难反映流域真实的径流状况，而采用融合降水资料将小时径流模拟的确定性系数在率定期和验证期分别提高至0.80和0.74，相对误差显著降低至20%以内。模型输出积雪覆盖与遥感数据监测的积雪覆盖呈现良好的一致性，流域融雪径流年际变化稳定，年内差异较大，呈现双峰特征，春季融雪径流与气温有较大的相关性。该结果可为高寒区径流模拟及洪旱灾害监测与预报提供参考。

针对金沙江上游气象观测站点稀疏以及高寒山区复杂水文过程导致的径流模拟难题，提出一种基于融合ERA5-Land再分析数据与实测降水数据的VIC模型驱动方案。基于模型模拟结果，对比分析遥感监测以及模型输出的积雪覆盖率，并讨论了流域融雪径流变化特征以及气温对融雪径流的影响。结果表明：仅采用站点插值数据构建的VIC模型很难反映流域真实的径流状况，而采用融合降水资料将小时径流模拟的确定性系数在率定期和验证期分别提高至0.80和0.74，相对误差显著降低至20%以内。模型输出积雪覆盖与遥感数据监测的积雪覆盖呈现良好的一致性，流域融雪径流年际变化稳定，年内差异较大，呈现双峰特征，春季融雪径流与气温有较大的相关性。该结果可为高寒区径流模拟及洪旱灾害监测与预报提供参考。

Saline-alkaline stress is a common problem in Akebia trifoliata cultivation. In this study, the enhancing effects of 5-azacytidine (5-AzaC) on the resistance of A. trifoliata to saline-alkaline stress and the underlying mechanisms were investigated. Plant height, stem diameter, biomass, root length, fresh weight of root, and root/shoot ratio of 6-month-old A. trifoliata seedlings were measured after saline-alkaline stress with or without 5-AzaC treatment. Moreover, the contents of photosynthetic pigments, malondialdehyde (MDA), H2O2, sodium, soluble sugar, and proline; activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT); and anatomical structures of root, stem, and leaf were assessed. Furthermore, comparative transcriptome sequencing was performed. The results demonstrated that growth and development of A. trifoliata were severely inhibited under saline-alkaline stress, suggesting that the seedlings were exposed to severe oxidative and osmotic stresses. Treatment with exogenous 5-AzaC could significantly relieve the symptoms of saline-alkaline stress in A. trifoliata. Under saline-alkaline stress, 5-AzaC could increase the stem diameter, biomass, root length, fresh weight of root, and root/shoot ratio and minimize damages to the anatomical structure. Moreover, absorption of Na+ was reduced; ionic balance was maintained; POD and CAT activities were significantly improved; proline and soluble sugar contents increased, and H2O2 and MDA contents decreased. Transcriptome analysis revealed that 5-AzaC functioned via regulating KEGG pathways such as plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, photosynthesis, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, and glutathione metabolism under saline-alkaline stress. Particularly, enhanced expression of genes from the auxin pathway in plant hormone signal transduction; the lignin synthetic pathway in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis; and photosystem II, photosystem I, photosynthetic electron transport, and F-type ATP pathway in photosynthesis may be related to 5-AzaC-induced saline-alkaline resistance. The results provided theoretical references for A. trifoliata cultivation in saline-alkaline soil and application of 5-AzaC to improve saline-alkaline tolerance in plants.