The SCATSAT-1 (Scatterometer Satellite) was launched by ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) on September 26, 2016 from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, India. With nearly five years of its journey, the Ku-band (13.5 GHz) based SCATSAT-1 made a profound impact on many scientific domains such as ocean-atmosphere dynamics, soil moisture and vegetation dynamics, climate change, hydrology and polar sea-ice and snowmelt studies. As a successor of the Oceansat-2 Scatterometer (OSCAT), the SCATSAT-1 supports the long-term analysis in climate studies, crop yield prediction, and forecasting analysis. In addition, the SCATSAT-1 provides the four different levels of data products at an enhanced resolution to improve the scope of the scatterometer in different applications. Recently the SCATSAT-1 has been explored in many emerging applications apart from oceanography e.g., crop growth, snow cover analysis, jute crop detection and river level estimation with advanced algorithms i.e., machine learning-based classification, information fusion, and super-resolution mapping. Therefore, it is desired to summarise all operational SCATSAT-1 products, applications, and their emerging trends at the global level in the various scientific domains. This paper has summarized the progress made by SCATSAT-1 in different scientific domains since its launch. A meta-analysis has also been conducted in this paper (using the SCOPUS database) to analyse the current research status of SCATSAT-1 in terms of study area targets. This study highlights the features, challenges, and future directions for the scatterometer improvements.

Through advancements in technology humans have cultivated more food, used more fossil fuel reserves, polluted the environment, and caused climate change. This was not the case some few decades ago where indigenous technologies were used in exploiting natural resources. Unfortunately, the effects of climate change on the planet are no more distant reality. The melting of glaciers, rising sea levels, extreme rainfall, and prolonged drought are already being experienced. These have affected water resources, land, and food security across the world. The limits of conventional climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies call for the integration of indigenous knowledge and technologies for tackling climate change issues. This is because of the importance that indigenous knowledge and technologies have for identifying the impacts and as well providing effective adaption and mitigation strategies to climate change. Thus, this chapter explores the potential of indigenous knowledge and technologies for the sustainable management of water, land, and food security amidst climate change. The applications of indigenous technologies and knowledge such as agroforestry, the use of sacred groves to conserve water, land, and biodiversity resources, and the practising of conservation-agriculture are discussed as solutions for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, water shortages, land degradation, and pollution. However, these indigenous technologies will be less useful in today's world if not harnessed. Thus also in this chapter, the scientific know-how available to improve the effectiveness of indigenous technologies for the sustainable use of water, land, and food resources have been identified (Robotics, sensors/detectors, internet of things) and discussed.

Biomass burning contributes considerably to black carbon (BC) emissions in South Asia, but such emissions have not been linked with the Green Revolution (GR) which has enabled substantial crop production growth in South Asian countries, India in particular. Here, we use an Earth system model to quantify climate change through the direct radiative forcing (DRF) by agriculture-emitted BC associated with the GR in India. We show that the BC DRF in India has increased significantly since the GR, especially during the post-GR period. The estimated BC DRF in India rose from +0.197 W/m(2) in 1961 to +0.805 W/m(2) in 2011; this represents a fourfold increase in DRF since the onset of the GR. The contribution of BC DRF by India's intensive agriculture to the global BC forcing also increased from 2.6% to 4.4% during the GR. Our results reveal that increasing BC emissions associated with the GR raises the importance of emission mitigation from agriculture source.

Soil is a key component of Earth's critical zone. It provides essential services for agricultural production, plant growth, animal habitation, biodiversity, carbon sequestration and environmental quality, which are crucial for achieving the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, soil degradation has occurred in many places throughout the world due to factors such as soil pollution, erosion, salinization, and acidification. In order to achieve the SDGs by the target date of 2030, soils may need to be used and managed in a manner that is more sustainable than is currently practiced. Here we show that research in the field of sustainable soil use and management should prioritize the multifunctional value of soil health and address interdisciplinary linkages with major issues such as biodiversity and climate change. As soil is the largest terrestrial carbon pool, as well as a significant contributor of greenhouse gases, much progress can be made toward curtailing the climate crisis by sustainable soil management practices. One identified option is to increase soil organic carbon levels, especially with recalcitrant forms of carbon (e.g., biochar application). In general, soil health is primarily determined by the actions of the farming community. Therefore, information management and knowledge sharing are necessary to improve the sustainable behavior of practitioners and end-users. Scientists and policy makers are important actors in this social learning process, not only to disseminate evidence-based scientific knowledge, but also in generating new knowledge in close collaboration with farmers. While governmental funding for soil data collection has been generally decreasing, newly available 5G telecommunications, big data and machine learning based data collection and analytical tools are maturing. Interdisciplinary studies that incorporate such advances may lead to the formation of innovative sustainable soil use and management strategies that are aimed toward optimizing soil health and achieving the SDGs. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The important factors for the agrarian output in Bulgaria are only thermal and water probability. From the two factors, the component related to soil moisture is more limited. As well water and temperature probabilities in the agrarian output are estimated through stuns of temperatures and rainfalls or by derivative indicators (most frequently named as coefficients or indices). The heat conditions and the heat resources are specified by the continuousness of the vegetative period. Duration of vegetative season is limited for each type of plant, between the spring and autumn steady pass of air temperature across the biological minimum. For the agricultural crops in Bulgaria, the three biological minimums in 5 degrees C are taken for wheat and barley, oat, pea, and lentil; in 10 degrees C for sunflower, corn, haricot, and soybean; and in 15 degrees C for the cotton, vegetables, and other spring cultures. The cold and warm period duration are mutually related characteristics. The first period defines the number of days with the snowfall and days with the snow cover that are the basis in the formation of soil moisture reserves after the spring snow melt. Definition of the regions with temperature stress conditions during vegetative season is one of the most important parameters of agroclimatic conditions. The values indicating for the limitations are one or more periods from at least 10 consecutive days with maximal air temperature over 35 degrees C. More from the agricultures, character for the moderate continental climatic zone are developed normally under temperatures 25-28 degrees C. Temperatures over 28 degrees C are ballast slowing the growth and destroying plants due to the heat tension. The component, limiting in greatest degree growth, development and formation of yields from the agricultural crops are the conditions of moisturizing, present trough atmospheric and soil moisture. The most apparent indicator is the year sum of the rains or their sum by the periods with the average daily temperatures of over 5 and 10 degrees C. Cross correlation matrix between the meteorological elements from which evapotranspiration depends - temperature, relative air humidity, wind speed, and the vapor pressure deficit - is present. The data about the limitations, emergent from the soil moisture lack, to the base of the existing agrometeorological data are present. Values of the relation between real and potential evapotranspiration were calculated for potential vegetative period which is divided up to the two subperiods, March to June, the period of formation outputs from wintering cultures, and July to August, the period of formation outputs from the spring cultures. In the 1980s and 1990s, science led debates for and against climate change. During this time they published dozens of monographs and among them are Sir John I loughton's Global Warming: The Complete Briefing and John T. Hardy's Climate Change: Causes, Effects, and Solutions. The first of them was translated into Bulgarian by the author of this paper and published in 1996 by the academic publishing house of Prof. M. Drinov. Of course, they published numerous other studies and hundreds of articles, reports, and messages (Olmstead, Rhode, Creating abundance: biological innovation and American Agricultural Development. Cambridge University Press, 2008; Croitoru et al, Glob Planet Change 102:10-19, 2013; Rosenzweig, Hillel, Climate change and the global harvest: potential impacts of the greenhouse effect on agriculture. Oxford University Press, 1998; Georgieva, Kazandjiev, Sci Pares Ser A Agron LVI:459-467, 2013; Georgieva et al, Europa XXI 29:43-58, 2015; Kazandjiev, Peev, Prerequisites for disaster by natural weather phenomena and processes, reports first scientific-practical conference on Emergency Management and Civil Protection, Sofia, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 10.11.2005, pp 186-193 (in Bulgarian), 2005d; Kazandjiev, Agroclimatic resources and definition of less favored areas at the beginning of XXI century in Bulgaria, Conference Global Environmental Change - Challenges to Science and Society in Southwestern Europe. CD version, 2008a; Rattan et al, Climate change and global food security, CRC, 2005; Roumenina et al, Int J Remote Sens 34(8):2888-2904, 2013; Pritchard, Amthor, Crops and enviromnental changes. Haworth Press (US), 2005; Simeonov, Georgiev, Atmos Res 57:187-199, 2001; Sivakumar et al, Natural disasters and extreme events in agriculture. Springer, 367 pp, 2005; Slavov, Relationship between climate change and desertification. Problems of land degradation and combating desertification. UN str.42-48 (in Bulgarian), 1998; Slavov, Alexandrov Drought Netw News 5(2):12-15, 1993). Today science has a lot of evidence in favor of climate change. But now science nationally and globally faces new questions: How far will climate change reach? How will the various sectors of the economy adapt to change? How will agriculture in particular adapt to climate change? What must the action plan 2030-2050 contain? The purpose of this paper is to plot a strategy for the adaptation of agriculture in Bulgaria to climatic change. This will establish the vulnerability of the main types of crops to climate change and will define criteria for extreme meteorological phenomena and processes of agro-meteorological point of view. The team will assess the risk of dangerous agriculture phenomena and combinations thereof, through probabilistic and statistical research. Also we will present indices that can be used as indicators for proof of climate change. As a result, they will identify adaptation measures by regions and types of cultures and develop a strategy for adaptation of Bulgarian agriculture to changing environmental conditions.