Uneven displacement of permafrost has become a major concern in cold regions, particularly under repeated freezing-thawing cycles. This issue poses a significant geohazard, jeopardizing the safety of transportation infrastructure. Statistical analyses of thermal penetration suggest that the problem is likely to intensify as water erosion expands, with increasing occurrences of uneven displacement. To tackle the challenges related to mechanical behavior under cyclic loading, the New Geocell Soil System has been implemented to mitigate hydrothermal effects. Assessment results indicate that the New Geocell Soil System is stable and effective, offering advantages in controlling weak zones on connecting slopes and reducing uneven solar radiation. Consequently, the New Geocell Soil System provides valuable insights into the quality of embankments and ensures operational safety by maintaining displacement at an even level below 1.0 mm. The thermal gradient is positive, with displacement below 6 degrees C/m, serving as a framework for understanding the stability of the subgrade. This system also enhances stress and release the sealing phenomenon.

This computational study focuses on the thermo-hydro-mechanical simulations of the behaviors of freezing soils used for artificial ground freezing (AGF) in a metro project. Leveraging the experimental and field data available in the literature, we simulate the sequential freezing and excavation of a twin tunneling that occurred in months during the actual construction of the tunnel. A thermo-hydro-mechanical model is developed to capture the multi-physical rate-dependent behaviors triggered by phase transitions, as well as the creeping and secondary consolidation of the soil skeleton and the ice crystals. We then calibrate the material models and establish the THM finite element model coupled with the rate-dependent multi-physical models, which may accurately predict the surface heave induced by ground freezing throughout the project. To showcase the potential of using simulations to guide the AGF, we simulate the scenario where a simultaneous freezing scheme is employed as an alternative to the actual sequential scheme design. We then compared the simulated performance with the recorded results obtained from the sequential scheme. Finally, parametric studies on the effect of ground temperature, the porosity of the frozen soil, and the intrinsic elastic modulus of the solid skeleton are conducted. The maximum surface heave is inferred from finite element simulations to quantify the sensitivity and the impact on the safety of AGF operations.

Horizontal frost heave disasters frequently occur in cold-region engineering projects, making it essential to understand water migration mechanisms along horizontal directions during freezing processes. Using a selfdeveloped one-dimensional visualization horizontal freezing apparatus, unidirectional horizontal freezing tests were conducted on soft clay under varying temperature gradients, and the development process of the cryostructures was continuously observed. The results indicate that the thermal-hydraulic processes, including temperature evolution, water content variation, pore-water pressure dynamics, and soil pressure changes, demonstrate similarities to vertical freezing patterns, with temperature gradients primarily influencing the magnitude of parameter variations. Under the influence of gravity, the freezing front forms an angle with the freezing direction, attributed to differential freezing rates within soil strata. Post-freezing analysis showed dualdirectional water redistribution (horizontal and vertical), with horizontal migration dominating. Maximum water content was observed 1-3 cm from the freezing front. Distinct cryostructures formed in frozen zones were identified as products of tensile stresses generated by low-temperature suction and crystallization forces. The study highlights the coupling of water transfer, thermal changes, mechanical stresses, and structural evolution during freezing and suggests that water migration and cryostructure formation are interrelated processes. This research provides robust experimental evidence for advancing the theoretical framework of horizontal water migration mechanisms in frozen soil systems.

Vast deserts and sandy lands in the mid-latitudes cover an area of 17.64 x 106 km2, with 6.98 x 106 km2 experiencing seasonal frozen soil (SFG). Freeze-thaw cycles of SFG significantly influence local surface processes in deserts, impacting meteorological disasters such as infrastructure failures and sandstorms. This study investigates the freeze-thaw dynamics of SFG in crescent dunes from three deserts in northern China: the Tengger Desert, Mu Us Sandy Land, and Ulan Buh Desert, over the period from 2019 to 2024.Freezing occurs from November to January, followed by thawing from January to March. The thawing rate (2.72 cm/day) was 1.8 times higher than the freezing rate (1.48 cm/day). The maximum seasonal freezing depth (MSFD) exceeded 0.80 mat all dune slopes, with depths surpassing 1.10 mat the leeward slope and lower slope positions. Soil moisture content, ranging from 1 % to 1.6 %, is critical for freezing, and this threshold varies depending on the dune's mechanical composition. The hardness of frozen desert soil is primarily controlled by moisture, along with temperature and particle size.Temperature initiates freezing, while moisture and particle size control the resulting hardness.These findings shed light on the seasonal freeze-thaw processes in desert soils and have practical implications for agricultural management, engineering design, and environmental hazard mitigation in arid regions.

Artificial ground freezing (AGF) is an effective technique for ground stabilization in projects such as tunneling and shaft mining. This study examines the impacts of freeze-thaw processes, soil type, and compaction levels on the strength characteristics of sandy and clayey soils and evaluates AGF performance through laboratory-scale physical modeling using liquid nitrogen as the cooling agent. Results indicate that freezing significantly enhances soil strength, but thawing leads to notable reductions. Sandy soils compacted to 95% experienced a 50% decrease in unconfined compressive strength (UCS) after brief exposure to thawing, while clayey soils exhibited a smaller reduction of 30%. Compaction emerged as a critical factor in strength retention, with UCS in sandy soils decreasing by 50% when compaction dropped from 95 to 85%, compared to a 25% reduction in clayey soils. The results also demonstrated that sandy soils froze more rapidly and efficiently, achieving a frozen diameter of approximately 25 cm around a single freezing pipe within 4 h, compared to 15 cm in clayey soils over 8 h. Furthermore, sandy soils required less liquid nitrogen to achieve the same frozen column compared to clay soils, owing to their higher thermal conductivity and lower water retention. These findings highlight the superior efficiency of AGF in sandy soils under controlled conditions, particularly when water seepage is absent, and underscore the importance of optimizing compaction levels and freeze-thaw parameters to enhance the cost-effectiveness of soil stabilization. The study provides valuable insights into soil behavior during AGF, particularly the impact of thawing, supporting its broader application in various geotechnical projects.

The aim of this study is to reveal the influence of frozen soil anisotropy and thermal-hydraulic-mechanical coupling effects on the frost heave deformation behavior of sheet pile walls (SPWS) through numerical simulation and experimental verification. In this research, a thermal-hydraulic-mechanical (THM) model of frozen soils is improved by integrating the anisotropic frost deformation firstly. Then, considering the shear characteristics of soil-structure interface, a finite element analysis of SPWS during freezing is conducted based on the proposed THM model. The simulation results are then validated by a small-scale simulation test. The results shown that, the pile is subjected to large bending moments and normal stress at the junction between the embedded and the cantilever section. Embedment depth of pile is suggested to set be 1/3 to 1 time the overall lenth, which having a greater effect on antiing the frost deformation. Numerical simulation considering the anisotropic of frozen soil is closer to the experimental results than traditional calculation methods. The THM numerical method can well characterize the directional relationship between temperature gradient and pile deformation. In seasonal frozen soil areas, deformation numerical simulation that can be further developed by considering the effects of multiple freeze-thaw cycles in subsequent research.

Roads in places with seasonal frost undergo several freeze-thaw (F-T) cycles annually, resulting in variable degrees of deterioration in the mechanical properties of the subgrade. To methodically investigate the mechanical properties of subgrade clay during freeze-thaw cycles and to develop a precise constitutive model, triaxial tests were conducted under the most unfavorable soil conditions. The studies indicate that the degrading impact of the freeze-thaw cycle on the mechanical characteristics of the soil predominantly transpires during the initial freeze-thaw cycle. Soil strength reaches its minimum after the third freeze-thaw cycle, followed by a slight increase, and ultimately stabilizes between the fifth and seventh cycles. The maximum strength reduction at confining pressures of 100 kPa, 200 kPa, and 300 kPa was 39%, 37%, and 33%, respectively. As confining pressure escalates, the reduction in soil strength lessens. The soil demonstrates differing degrees of degradation following F-T cycles at both high and low compaction levels, with the degradation becoming increasingly evident as compaction intensifies. Utilizing the experimental database, a genetic algorithm (GA) enhanced backpropagation neural network (BPNN) model (GA-BPNN) and a BP-aided Duncan-Chang (D-C) model were developed to forecast the mechanical properties of freeze-thaw clay. The R2 values for the two models on the test set were 0.995 and 0.967, respectively. The efficacy of these two models demonstrates that machine learning can attain commendable outcomes in extensive data structures (total stress-strain curve) as well as exhibit superior performance in limited data (model parameters) while developing the constitutive model of soil.

The physicochemical combination method (PCCM) is a new integrated method for treating and reusing large volumes of slurry-like mud (MS). To study the effects of freezing-thawing (FT) cycles on the mechanical properties of MS treated by the PCCM, unconfined compression tests (UCTs) and microstructural tests are both conducted on PCCM-treated MS samples with different combinations of FT cycles, initial water contents (wei), and cementitious binder contents (wc). The experimental results indicate that the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and the elastic modulus (E) of PCCM-treated MS decrease exponentially when the FT cycles increase from 0 to 15. For the PCCM-treated MS samples subjected to 15 FT cycles, the reduction degree of their strength, as well as deformation resistance, is more sensitive to the variation of wc compared to that of wei. Meanwhile, the UCS and E of PCCM-treated MS samples are higher than those of the corresponding MS samples treated by the conventional cement solidification method (CCSM). The superior resistance to FT cycles of PCCM-treated MS is attributed to the presence of APAM, which not only facilitates the aggregation of soil particles but also enhances the dewatering efficiency of MS. Notably, the E/UCS value of CCSM-treated MS is 1.25 times larger than that of PCCM-treated MS, indicating the application of PCCM can significantly enhance the toughness of the treated MS.

Artificial ground freezing (AGF), widely employed in subway tunnel construction, significantly alters the microstructure of surrounding soils through freeze-thaw processes. These changes become critical under subway operation, where traffic-induced dynamic loading can lead to progressive soil deformation. Understanding the dynamic behavior of freeze-thaw-affected soils is therefore essential for predicting and mitigating deformation risks. This study investigates the microstructural evolution of soil subjected to a single freeze-thaw cycle-representative of AGF practice-and subsequent dynamic loading. Dynamic triaxial tests were conducted under a fixed dynamic stress amplitude of 10 kPa and loading frequencies of 0.5 Hz, 1.5 Hz, and 2.5 Hz, simulating typical subway traffic conditions. Microstructural analyses were performed using mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results show that the freeze-thaw cycle leads to a denser yet more disordered particle arrangement, with sharper and more angular particles, as reflected by increased probability entropy and reductions in surface porosity, form factor, and uniformity coefficient. Dynamic loading further causes particles to flatten and align in a more directional manner, accompanied by decreased surface porosity and form factor, and an increased uniformity coefficient. Pore structures become more uniform and less complex. Among various microstructural indicators, total intrusion volume from MIP displays a strong correlation with cumulative plastic strain, suggesting its potential as a micro-scale predictor of soil deformation. These findings enhance our understanding of the coupled effects of freeze-thaw and dynamic loading on soil behavior and offer valuable insights for improving the safety and durability of subway tunnel systems constructed using AGF.

Geohazards such as slope failures and retaining wall collapses have been observed during thawing season, typically in early spring. These geohazards are often attributed to changes in the engineering properties of soil through changes in soil phase with moisture condition. This study investigates the impact of freezing and thawing on soil stiffness by addressing shear wave velocity (Vs) and compressional wave velocity (Vp). An experimental testing program with a temperature control system for freezing and thawing was prepared, and a series of bender and piezo disk element tests were conducted. The changes in Vs and Vp were evaluated across different phases: unfrozen to frozen; frozen to thawed; and unfrozen to thawed. Results indicated different patterns of changes in Vs and Vp during these transitions. Vs showed an 8% to 19% decrease for fully saturated soil after thawing, suggesting higher vulnerability to shear failure-related geohazards in thawing condition. Vp showed no notable change after thawing compared to initial unfrozen condition. Based on the test results in this study, correlation models for Vs and Vp with changes in soil phase of unfrozen, frozen, and thawed conditions were established. From computed tomography (CT) image analysis, it was shown that the decrease in Vs was attributed to changes in bulk volume and microscopic soil structure.