(1)

The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is the largest permafrost distribution zone at high-altitude in the mid-latitude region. Climate change has caused significant permafrost degradation on the TP, which has important impacts for the eco-hydrological processes. In this study, the frost number is utilized to calculate the frost number (F) based on the air freezing/thawing index obtained from the downscaled Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) data sets. A novel method is proposed to determine the frost number threshold (Ft) for diagnosing permafrost distribution. Then the simulated permafrost distribution maps are compared with the existing permafrost distribution map, employing the Kappa coefficient as the measure of classification accuracy to identify the optimal Ft. Finally, the permafrost distribution on the TP under different Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSP) scenarios are diagnosed with the optimal Ft. Simulation results demonstrate that across all scenarios, the rates of permafrost degradation during the mid-future period (2040-2060) remain comparable to those observed in the baseline period (2000), ranging from 33% +/- 3% to 53% +/- 4%. Conversely, during the far-future (2080-2099), the permafrost degradation rates display significant variation across different scenarios, ranging from 37% +/- 4% to 96% +/- 3%. The profound impacts of permafrost degradation on the TP are reflected in decreasing trends in soil moisture and runoff, as well as a slower increasing trend in Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) compared to other regions, indicating negative impacts on vegetation growth. The Tibetan Plateau, the highest plateau in the world and the largest high-altitude permafrost region, is experiencing permafrost degradation due to climate change, significantly impacting eco-hydrological processes in this region. In this study, we used the frost number model with air temperature to simulate the distribution of permafrost on the Tibetan Plateau under different scenarios. The results show that permafrost on the Tibetan Plateau is projected to degrade in the 21st century, especially under high-emission scenarios. The degradation of permafrost will likely reduce soil moisture and runoff. Additionally, vegetation growth in areas with permafrost degradation is expected to be slow. These findings are of great significance for understanding permafrost changes on the Tibetan Plateau and their impacts on eco-hydrological processes. A new method using the frost number model with Kappa coefficient is proposed to diagnose permafrost distributionPermafrost on the Tibetan Plateau will experience the least degradation (33% +/- 3%) under SSP126, and the most (96% +/- 3%) under SSP585 in 2080-2099Permafrost degradation on the Tibetan Plateau is anticipated to reduce soil moisture and runoff, adversely affecting vegetation growth

来源平台：EARTHS FUTURE