The surface features of additively manufactured polymer parts differ compared to extruded polymer parts and decide their performance in terms of power transmission applications. Layer thickness is one of the important process parameters chosen based on the part complexity and production speed, influencing the surface features. The abrasive wear performance of high-performance polyether ether ketone (PEEK), which determines the performance of power transmission elements such as bearings and gears, is reported in this article. The layer thickness employed in fabrication, which varies from 0.1 mm to 0.35 mm, influences the surface roughness, real contact area, and hardness of the as-printed PEEK. The friction coefficient and wear resistance of a printed part are influenced by the layer thickness employed, indicating the need for a proper choice of layer thickness for power transmission applications. Samples printed with a layer height of 0.25 mm and higher exhibited an increase of friction coefficient and wear loss due to the weak surface integrity. The friction and wear characteristics of additive manufactured samples are compared with extruded samples. Wear debris accommodation in the grooves of the as-printed surfaces accelerates the wear due to three-body abrasion in high layer thickness samples. The micromechanisms of wear damage in different layer thickness samples are discussed. The observations indicate the strong influence of layer thickness and facilitate the selection of appropriate layer thickness for the required friction coefficient in a particular application.