In response to the technical challenge of sustainably powering electrostatic adsorption systems requiring voltages exceeding several thousand volts, a thin film electrostatic adsorption damper (EAD) based on triboelectric high-voltage is proposed. The core concept of the EAD relies on utilizing the changeable electrostatic force propelled by a rotary freestanding triboelectric nanogenerator (RF-TENG) to achieve a variable stiffness effect akin to artificial muscle. By adjusting the voltage in accordance with the electrostatic force, the variable stiffness and equivalent damping coefficient can be changed, realizing an electrically controllable damping effect. The modification of dynamic adsorption properties and equivalent damping of the EAD is successfully achieved by investigating a 1D mass-spring-EAD vibration system, demonstrating that the damping coefficient can be adjusted from 0.1 to 5 Ns m−1 at different RF-TENG rotation speeds. Furthermore, the practical applicability of the EAD is validated through the design and testing of a fish-like scale structure, a joint with variable stiffness, and a heavy-load lifter. This triboelectric high-voltage-based EAD presents a novel approach to sustainable power supply for electrostatic adsorption, which holds significant potential for diverse applications such as advanced cloth defense, artificial muscle technologies, load lifting operations, etc.