The tribological performance of carbon-reinforced acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) composites is very important in determining their suitability for advanced engineering applications. This study employs response surface methodology (RSM) to evaluate the effects of printing temperature and post-processing annealing on the wear resistance and frictional properties of these composites. A central composite design is used to systematically explore the interaction between these two factors, enabling the development of predictive models for key tribological parameters. The results reveal that both the coefficient of friction (COF) and wear are affected by printing and annealing temperatures, although in a non-linear manner. Moderate printing temperatures and lower annealing temperatures were found to reduce friction and wear, with annealing temperature having a more pronounced effect on wear. To further optimize these responses, the desirability approach was applied for predicting the optimal conditions. The optimal combination of input parameters for minimizing both COF and wear was found to be a printing temperature of 256 °C and an annealing temperature of 126 °C. This research provides valuable insights for optimizing additive manufacturing processes of carbon-reinforced ABS composites, contributing to enhanced material durability in practical applications.