Hot liquid marbles

In the insect realm, liquids become traps due to capillary and viscous forces dominant at their scale. Yet, aphids handle the highly viscous honeydew droplets they secrete by coating them with hydrophobic wax powder which maintains an air layer between their body and the liquid. These coated droplets, known as liquid marbles, exhibit low friction and high mobility, enabling manipulation of small liquid volumes which is useful for biomedical analysis where sample volumes are limited, chemistry to reduce chemical waste, or digital microfluidics for large-scale cell culturing and drug testing. For such applications—including exothermic reactions or biological studies typically conducted above room temperature—the ability to carry hot liquid is important but remains unexplored. This article investigates the stability and static friction of hot liquid marbles placed on a substrate cooler by ∆ T. We show that for large ∆ T, the core liquid evaporates and condenses within the air layer below the marbles creating liquid bridges resulting in marble rupture on hydrophilic substrates and increased static friction on hydrophobic ones. The temperature difference modifies the nature of static friction: solid friction dominates at small ∆ T, while at larger ∆ T, it is replaced by a liquid pinning force caused by the increased liquid bridge density resulting from condensation. Finally, our study provides ways to avoid the rupture and increased static friction of hot liquid marbles due to the bridge formation by increasing the particle size, decreasing the liquid volatility, or using nanostructured superhydrophobic substrates. Below the millimeter scale, droplets are generally pinned due to the dominance of viscous and capillary forces ( 1– 4). Limiting their pinning is essential for applications that require manipulating small amounts of liquids, such as chemistry—where reducing chemical waste is crucial—or in biomedical analysis and biology, where sample volumes are limited. Low static friction and high mobility can be achieved with superhydrophobic materials on which hydrophobic structures stabilize an air layer between the liquid and the solid, limiting the effect of surface tension and viscosity ( 5, 6). Another approach consists of forming liquid marbles by covering the drop with hydrophobic powder ( 7). The hydrophobic structure is then directly embedded at the liquid surface, making the nonwetting state independent of the substrate. While liquid marbles are sometimes regarded as a simple variation of superhydrophobic surfaces, fixing the hydrophobic textures on a solid or leaving them mobile at a liquid surface leads to distinct wetting behavior compared to superhydrophobic surfaces. For example, drops on superhydrophobic materials and liquid marbles have different static and dynamic frictions ( 8, 9) and bouncing properties ( 10– 14). The particle shell also allows for bringing additional functions to liquid marbles by modifying the particles’ properties, thus offering them a strong potential for applications ( 15– 17). Notably, magnetite particles allow the positioning and opening of liquid marbles with magnetic fields ( 18), while silver particles permit ultrasensitive electrochemistry and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy ( 19), suitable for lab-on-a-chip applications. The literature on liquid marbles continues to expand in domains as diverse as biology ( 20– 22), chemistry ( 23), sensing ( 24, 25), or materials science ( 26). Among these applications, temperature plays an important role in enabling various functionalities. For instance, thermal Marangoni flows allow to move marbles placed on liquid bath ( 27– 30), while the on-demand release of the marble content can be achieved through the melting of wax particles upon heating ( 31). When liquid marbles are placed on a hot surface, their particle shell can limit evaporation and prevent boiling similar to the Leidenfrost effect ( 32). Conversely, upon freezing, the properties of the particle shell control the final shape of the liquid marbles, which can deviate from that of drops on superhydrophobic surfaces ( 33, 34). Additionally, cooling down liquid marbles provides a noninvasive refilling mechanism through the condensation of atmospheric water across the porous shell ( 35). Condensation effects may also occur in the opposite scenario, when the core liquid is warmer than its surroundings. This raises the broader question of marbles’ ability to contain and transport hot liquids, an aspect that remains largely unexplored. In this study, we investigate the stability and static friction of hot liquid marbles placed on a cooler substrate. This situation is particularly relevant for biology and chemistry, where cell cultures, analyses at 37 °C, or exothermic reactions can create temperature differences between the liquid and the substrate.

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成果名称:低表面能涂层

合作方式:技术开发

联 系 人:周老师

联系电话:13321314106

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成果名称:低表面能涂层

合作方式:技术开发

联 系 人:周老师

联系电话:13321314106

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成果名称:低表面能涂层

合作方式:技术开发

联 系 人:周老师

联系电话:13321314106

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成果名称:低表面能涂层

合作方式:技术开发

联 系 人:周老师

联系电话:13321314106

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