To improve the poor friction and wear properties of titanium alloy, a novel duplex treatment combining optical lithographic surface texturing (OLST) and thermal oxidation (TO) was developed to fabricate surface textures with 15 %, 30 %, and 50 % area occupancy and a hard oxide layer composed of rutile TiO 2 and α-Al 2O 3 phases. The oxide layer thickness increased from 3.67 μm to 8.5 μm with increasing texture density, accompanied by elevated oxygen concentration and enhanced aluminum outward diffusion. TO treatment doubled the substrate hardness (319 HV 0.1 to 690 HV 0.1), while the duplex treatment achieved hardness exceeding 800 HV 0.1. Although TO treatment alone improved abrasive wear resistance, it exacerbated adhesive wear and exhibited a coefficient of friction (COF) similar to that of untreated substrates (0.57). Employing duplex treatment with 50 % texture density reduced the COF to 0.24 and significantly mitigated adhesive wear, achieving simultaneous enhancements in friction and wear resistance. This synergistic effect was primarily due to the high-density textures reducing the actual contact area and reinforcing the thickness and hardness of the oxide layer.