To address the failure of conventional lubrication technologies in aerospace mechanical systems under complex lubrication conditions at different temperatures (25 °C–125 °C), this study proposes a synergistic lubrication strategy combining surface texturing with Fe3O4 nanofluids (MF). Cylindrical textures were fabricated on 30CrMo3A alloy surfaces via laser processing technology. The tribological behaviors of untextured (UT) and textured (TS) surfaces lubricated with dioctyl sebacate (DOS) and MF were systematically investigated using a “reciprocating ball-on-plate” tribotester. The results demonstrate that under flood lubrication conditions, the TS-MF exhibits significantly superior friction coefficient stability to UT-DOS, with maximum reductions in friction coefficient of 19.5%, 4.5%, and 8.2% at 25 °C, 75 °C, and 125 °C, respectively; coupled with a 28.9%–34.2% decrease in wear rates. Under high-temperature and starved lubrication conditions, TS-MF exhibits maximum reductions in average friction coefficient of 38% and 17.9% compared with UT-DOS and TS-DOS, respectively; and the wear rate is reduced by up to 55.6% compared with TS-DOS. Mechanism analysis indicates that surface textures optimize the lubrication interface via lubricant retention and wear debris entrapment. The MF exhibits filling and repairing effects on the wear surface, contributing to stable tribofilm formation. Free nanoparticles exert “micro-bearing” effects. This synergistic interaction effectively suppresses adhesive wear and abrasive wear, enhancing the tribological performance of 30CrMo3A alloy.