Capping agents play a crucial role in controlling the size, aggregation, and properties of nanoparticles, which in turn influence their behavior. This study investigated copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (NPs) that were capped with organic surfactants, including Tween-80, Triton X-100, and Polyethylene glycol. SEM images showed that the prepared NPs were nearly spherical with sizes of approximately 21.6, 13.1, and 10 nm, respectively. When CuO NPs were added at a concentration of 0.0125 (wt.%), the wear property of the base oil improved with the following order of effectiveness: PEG-CuO > TRX-CuO > TW-CuO NPs. The corresponding reductions in wear rate were averaged at 37.2%, 21.2%, and 13.9%, respectively. In contrast, using bare CuO nanoparticles results in a 37.1% increase in wear rate.
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