65Mn steel, widely utilized in agricultural and mineral equipment, frequently deteriorates due to insufficient surface hardness and wear resistance. This research explores an innovative high-power and high-speed laser quenching (LQ) process, aiming to remedy surface worn issue associated with 65Mn steel, while significantly enhancing the quenching efficiency. A 3D simulation model utilizing SYSWELD CAFÉ model was developed to predict the grain growth during LQ process, emphasizing the grain refinement compared to untreated base metal (BM). CAFÉ model demonstrates better computational efficiency in grain growth simulation, especially addressing non-uniform grain structures. The results demonstrate a positive correlation between the wear resistance of the material and its microhardness, as well as a close connection to the LQ hardened layer depth. Specifically, the microhardness of the laser quenched zone (QZ) of the 65Mn steel was increased by 42 %, attributed to the formation of a refined martensitic microstructure. This microstructural refinement significantly improved wear resistance, reducing wear depth by up to 58 % and the friction coefficient by 8 % compared to untreated BM. The enhanced tribological performance of the quenched specimens stemmed from higher dislocation density and optimized residual stress distribution, which synergistically inhibited crack propagation and adhesive wear. Notably, an M-shaped bimodal residual stress distribution on the quenched layer enhanced surface hardness and wear resistance through synergistic tensile-compressive stress balancing. This study introduces a novel high-precision and high-efficiency surface hardening technique that can be expanded to enhance the surface performance of other different materials.