The melt-blown fabric of the middle layer in medical protective filtration equipment is typically challenged by insufficient antibacterial properties and a short filtration time. To overcome these issues, we developed a kind of triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) based on a cellulose-based composite filter layer. Specifically, cellulose fibers (CFs) were used as raw material to obtain the final product named PFOTES/ZIF-8@PGCFs through esterification, in-situ polymerization of pyrrole (Py), doping ZIF-8, and grafting triethoxy-1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-tridecafluoro-n-octylsilane (PFOTES). Characterization methods including FT-IR, XRD, and EDS confirmed the successful modification without disturbing the cellulose-I β structure. The PFOTES/ZIF-8@PGCFs were applied to the surface of porous and high-breathable base paper through a paper-forming process to create the composite filter layer. Its tensile index and zero-distance tensile strength were 33.39 N∙m∙g −1 and 30.05 N/cm (ROL: 25.55 N/cm/s), respectively, which met the mechanical properties benchmark of melt-blown fabric. Additionally, the open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and transfer charge of TENG assembled by PFOTES/ZIF-8@PGCFs composite filter layer and P VDF layer at 1.50 Hz and 15.00 N were 66.76 V, 1.34 μA, and 12.51 nC, respectively. The inhibition zone width of the composite filter layer against E. coli and S. aureus was 3.00 mm and 1.50 mm, respectively. Furthermore, when the assembled TENG was fabricated into medical protective filtration equipment, the real-time voltage of TENG was stable and about 10  V during the wearer breathed normally, the filtration efficiency of TENG against PM sized 2.50 μm, 0.50 μm and 0.30 μm was ≥99.00 %, which was the synergistic removal results of physical interception and electrostatic adsorption. And it can be completely degraded after 300 days. This antibacterial filtration material presents a promising alternative to the traditional melt-blown fabric.