In this study, laser surface textures were prepared on the surface of TA15 titanium alloy with different heat treatments using laser processing technology, aiming to investigate the effect of laser textures on the friction properties of TA15 titanium alloy with different microstructures. After different heat treatments, the microstructures of the samples varied significantly, which led to significant changes in the mechanical properties of the samples. HT1 samples showed higher friction coefficients but lower wear rates, which was mainly attributed to the protective mechanism of the mechanically mixed layer formed on the surface. The HT3 sample has a lower coefficient of friction but the highest wear rate, due to the high hardness of the sample, which results in more direct contact between the material surface and the friction partner. The results show that laser surface texturing effectively improved the wear resistance of TA15 titanium alloy. While the wear rates of all samples decreased after LST, the enhancement was most prominent in the ductile HT1 sample, which showed a reduction of approximately 34.1%, compared to 30.5% for HT2 and 25.1% for HT3. The results of this research have important reference value for improving the friction performance of TA15 titanium alloy.