This study investigated the effects of ultrasonic surface rolling processing (USRP) on quench–polish–quench (QPQ)-nitrided 32Cr3MoVE steel. USRP was employed to eliminate the porous structure of the QPQ-nitrided layer and enhance the overall material performance. The results indicate that USRP eliminated defects such as pores in the QPQ-nitrided layer and reduced grain size. Furthermore, USRP not only increased the proportion of low-angle grain boundaries but also introduced a residual stress field with a depth of 250 μm at the surface of the sample owing to its work-hardening effect. As a result, USRP improved the surface hardness of the nitrided layer by approximately 22 % and reduced the wear rate by up to 64 %. The effects of USRP on the material—elimination of the loose interlayer structure and introduction of compressive stress—changed the corrosion mechanism of the material, enhancing its corrosion resistance. Additionally, the strengthening effect of USRP increased with increasing applied static pressure.