This review explores recent advancements in triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG)-based systems for self-powered cathodic protection (CP) against metal corrosion. By harvesting ambient mechanical energy such as wind, waves, and fluid motion, TENGs offer a sustainable alternative to conventional, power-dependent CP methods. The article systematically examines diverse TENG configurations, material innovations, and integration strategies for corrosion mitigation in marine and industrial environments. Key electrochemical performance metrics are compared across device types, and the advantages of solid–solid, solid–liquid, rotary, and direct current TENGs are evaluated. Critical challenges including power variability, environmental durability, and scalability are discussed alongside emerging solutions. This review provides a focused framework for advancing TENG-enabled CP technologies toward practical, long-term corrosion protection applications.