Highly dispersed Cu species have attracted much attention due to their high activity and selectivity in CO2 hydrogenation; however, sintering-induced deactivation under a thermal reductive atmosphere remains a challenge. Herein, we employ a Ce-MOF-derived inorganic framework as a template to adsorb Cu ions, followed by pyrolysis to form CeO2 lattice-confined ultra-stable Cu single-atom catalysts (named Cu-CeO2-4-600). Cu-CeO2-4-600 exhibited excellent performance under high-temperature CO2 hydrogenation, with 100% CO selectivity and 33% CO2 conversion during 86 h of continuous operation. Atomic structure characterization reveals that Cu single atoms are incorporated into the CeO2 lattice that induces a critical lattice confinement and effectively suppresses the sintering of Cu single atoms. Additionally, the electronic structure analysis further demonstrated that the introduction of Cu significantly increases the oxygen vacancy (OV) concentration, leading to the formation of Cu&+-OV-Ce active species. These two improvements collectively enhance the CO2 hydrogenation performance. This study offers a promising strategy for constructing highly active and stable catalytic sites in MOF-derived materials.