Irregular dimples were prepared on the polished surface of an Al2O3 coating using laser texturing technology. Subsequently, the modified PTFE emulsion (M-PTFE) was infiltrated into the dimples via vacuum impregnation to obtain the Al2O3-PTFE composite coating. The microstructure and tribological behavior of the Al2O3-PTFE composite coating were systematically characterized and compared with those of the Al2O3 coating. The results demonstrated that M-PTFE successfully penetrated into the bottom of the textured dimples. Compared with the Al2O3 coating, the Al2O3-PTFE composite coating formed a continuous and stable PTFE lubricating film during the sliding process, which endowed it with outstanding friction-reducing and wear-resistant characteristics. The friction coefficient of the Al2O3-PTFE composite coating (0.08) was approximately 7 times lower than that of the Al2O3 coating (0.57). The wear rate of the Al2O3-PTFE composite coating after 2.5 × 105 sliding cycles was 4.36 × 10−8 mm3(N⋅m)− 1, representing a reduction of four orders of magnitude compared with that of the Al2O3 coating (2.53 × 10−4 mm3(N⋅m)− 1) measured after 2 × 104 cycles. Furthermore, the Al2O3 counterface ball sliding against the Al2O3-PTFE composite coating exhibited minimal surface degradation. This approach effectively bridges the gap between the hardness of ceramics and the lubrication requirements, offering a scalable and cost-effective solution for industrial applications where dry sliding performance is critical.